What is Urban Fantasy Definition and Examples

What is Urban Fantasy Definition and Examples What is Urban Fantasy? Definition and Examples Urban dream is maybe one of the most energizing subgenre dreams at this moment. From werewolves in Manhattan to elves in rural nurseries, it is a significant piece of the development that is re-characterizing â€Å"fantasy† in the 21st-century.But what is urban dream precisely - and where would you be able to go to peruse a greater amount of it? This guide is here to help, alongside a couple of tips on the most proficient method to compose urban dream in this mystical subgenre.What is urban fantasy?Urban dream portrays a subgenre of imagination in which this present reality crashes into the determinedly heavenly or mysterious world. Sounds straightforward, isn't that so? Reconsider! Dream and its subgenres are famously versatile, making the meaning of â€Å"urban fantasy† distinctly open-finished. Before, the term’s been utilized to portray a dream story that is set in:a city in an other world,a city in the cutting edge world, orthe present day world.These days, this is the understanding that is generally across the board: to be a urban dream, the story just should be a dream with heavenly components that is set in our reality and current time. Under this definition, the â€Å"urban† in â€Å"urban fantasy† is somewhat of a distraction. Insofar as there are otherworldly components, the story can occur in either a cutting edge New York City or Milwaukee, and it will in any case count.Urban dream stories additionally for the most part have solid tropes, for example, abrasive activity, a noir feel, and a procedural plot (and we’ll get into this later in this post). This is the reason you’ll ordinarily hear the Sookie Stackhouse arrangement, which is really set in a provincial humble community, named as a â€Å"urban fantasy† - while Harry Potter, for example, once in a while is.How does it vary from paranormal romance?Paranormal dream and urban dream are two fowls of a similar plume, which clarifies why theyà ¢â‚¬â„¢re confounded so frequently! Both are theoretical fiction with heavenly components in a true setting. Both likewise highlight a sentimental plot or subplot in some shape or form.However, sentiment is the principle plot and essential clash in paranormal sentiment, while it is commonly a subplot in urban dream. More than that, urban dreams are known to have coarse savagery and a tone that can get so dull it may even touch the loathsomeness type. Keeping that mind, let’s see what urban dream resembles in action.Examples of urban fantasyThe most ideal approach to realize what is urban dream is to take a gander at certain models! Here are two urban dream books that characterized the genre.American Gods by Neil GaimanIn the former days, individuals in the United States put stock in divine beings and fanciful creatures. Without a doubt, settlers brought leprechauns, mythical people, and a wide range of otherworldly spirits with them when they went to the U.S. Be that as it ma y, the impact of these gods has started winding down as faith in them bites the dust and individuals direct their concentration toward the new divine beings: media and technology.This is the phase of Gaiman's acclaimed novel, which starts with an ex-convict, Shadow, being greeted by a Mr. Wednesday, who isn't all that he appears. Shadow before long finds he is remaining in a war between America's ideological past and future - with nothing not exactly the nation's destiny hanging in the balance.Why is it a decent example of urban dream? American Gods is a 21st century exemplary of the class: an amazing combination of imagination and the cutting edge world that doesn’t neglect to investigate the consequences of such a mindmeld. Resisting kind desires, also American Gods isn't arranged in a city. Rather, Shadow’s excursion is set for the most part in America’s liminal spaces - its rest stops, inns, and little towns.The Dresden Files by Jim ButcherIn a beset Chica go where vampires, evil presences, werewolves, and pixies coincide with people, Harry Dresden is the world’s just â€Å"consulting wizard.† Hired by people and powerful creatures the same to unravel everything from murders to rebel bakus, he needs to make due with his private investigator’s pay, even as his work pushes him into the darkest - and generally otherworldly - corners of coarse Chicago.Why is it a decent example of urban dream? Another great in the class - and a well known case of the way that conventional P.I. plots and dream crash in urban fantasy.And if you’d like the entire smorgasbord of urban dream: head over to this Reedsy Discovery post ofâ 20 best urban dream booksâ or this post containsâ 33 best vampire books. You can likewise look at this rundown of the 100 best dream arrangement ever, which incorporates various urban dream seriesPRO-TIP: To get early and restrictive access to new outside the box urban dream books, consider pursuin g Reedsy Discovery! It's free and you'll be the first to find tomorrow's blockbusters in the genre.How to compose urban fantasyConfident that you know what urban dream is presently and need to give composing it a go? Amazing. Here are a few hints to help you along.1. Know the tropes The most effective method to Create a Character Profile: the Ultimate Guide (with Template) Understand post Urban dreams are additionally character-driven on a basic level. First individual purpose of perspectives proliferate, letting perusers inside the leader of the hero. It would be definitely justified even despite your chance to plunk down and make sense of the key subtleties of your character, including their inspiration and backstory. In the event that you need assistance, you can get this free usable character profile.The best piece of composing urban dream is that there’s such a great amount of space to investigate. Since you have a system for the class, it’s up to you to get that pen - and let your creative mind convey you the remainder of the way.Do you compose or read urban dream? Leave your musings (and book suggestions) in the remarks beneath!

Introduction to Business Law Australian Competition and Consumer Comm

Question: Prologue to Business Law: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Answer: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v. TPG Internet Pty. Ltd. 2013 HCA 54 (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v. TPG Internet Pty. Ltd., [2013]) Substance of TPGs Advertisement, which ACCC thought about damaged TPG began crusading for its heap of ADSL2 (boundless) and home telephone. These underlying ads were pulled back after ACCC cautioned that such notices are against the arrangements of the Trade Practices Act. The substance of the reexamined promotion was the topic of this case. The feature of the equivalent was as per the following; Unlimited ADSL2 + $29.99. Notwithstanding, beneath this it was written in little print that the said administrations were accessible when the home telephone administrations for $30 rental and ADLS2 administrations were packaged together. It was claimed by ACCC that the predominant message of the ad was deceiving as it was probably going to lead the purchasers to accept that both the administrations can be benefited at the pace of $29.99, however as a general rule the complete expense of the bundle was $59.99/month. The ACCC discovered this substance of the TPG ad to be deceiving. Lawful arrangements which TPG was asserted to have penetrated, and substance of the ad, which prompted such break TPG was affirmed to have contradicted the arrangements of Section 52 and 53C the Trade Practices Act, which is currently exemplified as Section 18 and 29 of the Australian Consumer Law. Since the promotions were probably going to bamboozle the open they were considered to have contradicted the arrangements of these Sections. It was considered to have negated the arrangements of Section 53, as the notices didn't indicate a solitary cost for the all out bundle. Segment 52 sets out that an organization should not connect with into such practices which are probably going to hoodwink or delude people in general. Segment 53C of the Act sets out that in specific situations, partnerships will undoubtedly state single cost. They are under the commitment to express the cost for the products or administrations offered in a solitary figure. The TPG ad was probably going to delude the general population, as they didn't appropriately reveal that they are required to buy ADSL2+ benefits alongside h ome telephone rental of $30 consistently. They likewise didn't reveal that the purchasers are under the commitment to pay the expenses for setting up the administration. In addition the ads penetrated the arrangements of Section 53C as a solitary cost for the administrations were not expressed (Australian Consumer Law: A Guide to Provisions, 2010). Discoveries of the Primary Judge In this area of the report, we will talk about the discoveries of the Primary Judge under the accompanying heads; Packaging He was of the view that the intended interest group of ADSL2+ administrations was first time clients too. It was discovered that a purchaser of customary judiciousness in the wake of perusing the ad would consider that the whole help can be gotten at the cost of $29.99/month with no extra charges or commitment to benefit another assistance. The appointed authority reasoned that the packaging condition was not satisfactory and noticeable and was probably going to deceive the general population. Set up charge The appointed authority saw that broadband administrations consistently require set up charges and the focused on shoppers are probably going to know about the equivalent. In any case, since the feature demonstrated to the way that no such charges is required, the equivalent ought to have been plainly expressed. He saw that none of the promotions clarified signs with respect to the set up charges. Single Price It was likewise seen by the essential Judge that the ad didn't uncover the single cost for the administrations in a reasonable and unambiguous way. This prompted repudiation of the arrangements of Section 53C(1)(c) of the Act (Kalbfleisch, 2011). Contrast of Approach between the choice of the Full Court and that of the Primary Judge The Full Court was persuaded that the promotions were not misdirecting. Anyway it was of the feeling that Section 53C(1) was not pertinent in the given situation. The essential distinction of supposition was concerning the way that the prevailing message of the promotion was vital in deciding if the notice was misdirecting. In this setting the Full Court refered to the instance of Parkdale Custom Built Furniture Pty. Ltd. v. Puxu Pty. Ltd. The rule, which advanced from this case, was as per the following; when a specific direct comprises of words, it will not be on the whole correct to contemplate a couple of words and overlook the rest, while showing up at the importance of the arrangement of words. It was of the conclusion that the whole message must be contemplated and not simply the prevailing message. The Full Court additionally expressed that the objective buyers might be ventured to know about the way that broadband administrations are sold either as remain solitary or as packaged. In view of the above contemplations it was closed by the Full Court that the said commercials were not misdirecting. Grounds, which drove the High Court to presume that the Full Courts choice was incorrect The High Court held that the Full Court wasn't right is holding the assurance of the essential appointed authority that the prevailing message was dominating in deciding the deceptive character of the ad was wrong. The notice just picked certain words as being prevailing and overlooked the rest. All things considered, greater part of the buyers would just think about the predominant message and disregard the rest. The notice didn't mean to bring to the notification of the buyers less alluring arrangements of the commercial. Under the given conditions, it was considered by the High Court that the choice of the Full Court was wrong. Purposes behind which the High Court considered the Puxu case to the inapplicable to TPG realities The realities of the Puxu case were obviously unique in relation to those of the TPG case. This was the essential purpose behind inapplicability of the case. The reason for TPGs notice was to draw the consideration of the crowd towards the charming parts and not to the parity of the offer. The vast majority will in general watch the overall idea of notice and in this way it would prompt double dealing. The instance of Puxu was respected to be inapplicable to the realities of the case close by. As opposed to the realities of the Puxu case, for this situation, the customers didn't have the benefit of visiting a showroom and afterward choosing which item to buy. Here the aim of the notice was to draw the consideration of the crowd. Under the given conditions, the crowds were not liable to focus on the subtleties. The Full Court likewise neglected to perceive the way that the idea of the promotion to misdirect was required to be resolved not by inquisitive regarding whether the ad was probably going to cause people in general to go into contract with TPG however by the reality concerning whether the notice would carry the general population into arrangement with TPG and no of its rivals dependent on the unfair conviction endowed by the predominant message of the commercial. The said lead is disallowed under the arrangements of Section 52 of the Act. In view of these realities the court thought about that the realities of the Puxu case were not pertinent to the realities of the TPG case. Suggestions f the Judgment The judgment of the High Court had expansive ramifications for the promotion business. On the off chance that I was utilized in the showcasing area of a wellness specialist organization or advertising segment of a wellness community or web access supplier which is going to dispatch an arrangement for the purchasers comprising of a few sections, my recommendation would be as per the following; On the off chance that the organization needs to utilize predominant messages for promoting their item or administrations, at that point my recommendation is cautiously survey the provisions of the equivalent and put forth attempts to being to the information on the planned shoppers the other significant areas of the offer. Such practice would keep the commercial from being tricky or deluding. More or less regardless of whether prevailing messages are utilized they ought not be deluding. Information on standard con summers of sensible reasonability must be thought about. Expected information ought not be the premise of commercials. The ad ought not be with the end goal that it is probably going to draw the consideration of the purchasers to the concerned help or item because of some deception assimilated by any bogus or misdirecting component in the concerned notice. All adaptations of a promotion must pass on a similar impression and not various impressions. I would make it a point to cause them to comprehend that bogus and deluding ads may prompt punishment under the arrangements of not just under the current Competition and Consumer Act yet in addition under different rules too Reference List Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v. TPG Internet Pty. Ltd.[2013]HCA p.54. Australian Consumer Law: A Guide to Provisions. (2010). first ed. Sydney: Australian Government. Kalbfleisch, P. (2011). Focusing on Alliance: Competition Law and Consumer Welfare.Journal of European Competition Law Practice, 2(2), pp.108-116.

How Gaslighting Increases Sexual Risk

How Gaslighting Increases Sexual Risk Relationships Violence and Abuse Print How Gaslighting Increases Sexual Risk By Elizabeth Boskey, PhD facebook twitter linkedin Elizabeth Boskey, PhD, MPH, CHES, is a social worker, adjunct lecturer, and expert writer in the field of sexually transmitted diseases. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Boskey, PhD Updated on September 28, 2019 SolStock / Getty Images More in Relationships Violence and Abuse Spouses & Partners LGBTQ Gas lighting or Gaslighting is a form of toxic manipulation that can occur within sexual relationships. It is a particularly insidious form of emotional abuse. It involves behaviors by the abuser that make the person being abused start to question their own judgments and their own reality. The victim of gaslighting may start to wonder if theyre paranoid or going crazy. What Is Gaslighting? The term gaslighting comes from the 1930s thriller Gaslight where the protagonist exhibited this sort of behavior. In the film, a cheating husband makes his wife doubt her sanity by engaging in overt manipulation. For example, he places his own watch in her handbag and convinces her she has pickpocketed it without realizing she has done so. He tries to convince her that she is only imagining the gas lights in the house flickering, to dissuade her from realizing that they are changing because he is searching the house for a lost treasure.   However, gaslighting is not always so obvious. Sometimes its a more subtle series of behaviors. For example, when a woman suspects her partner is cheating on her because of a series of events she observes. Her partner might gaslight her by suggesting that shes paranoid or controlling in order to divert her from following the evidence of his infidelity. He might try to convince her that he really was working late, even though he didnt pick up the phone at the office when she called to see when hed be home. The Link Between Gaslighting and Infidelity Despite its theatrical origins, gaslighting in real life usually isnt about an attempt to get the victim institutionalized so that the perpetrator can search for the family jewels. Instead, research on gaslighting is usually about the behavior in the context of marital and other relationship infidelities. Furthermore, it is in the context of such relationships where gaslighting behavior is clearly linked to sexual risk in several ways. The abusive partner may be engaging in unprotected sex in multiple relationships without informing their victim. This puts the abused partner at risk of sexually transmitted diseases and other consequences. It also denies their victim the autonomy and agency to make informed decisions about their sexuality. It makes it impossible for them to give informed consent, let alone enthusiastic consent.It affects the victims competence and belief in their self-worth. This, in turns, decreases their self-efficacy around negotiating behaviors such as condom use. It also makes it harder for them to negotiate in their own interests in other ways, because they may start to feel like they no longer have a strong grasp on reality.It affects the victims ability to connect with others and get help from their support system. This may also make it harder to get appropriate healthcare. After all, if you dont trust your own understanding of the world, youre not as likely to bring up your concerns with yo ur doctor. Particularly if your sexuality is at the foundation of how and why youre being gaslighted. Gaslighting is an insidious behavior because of the way in which it makes its victims mistrust their own perceptions. That can be devastating both to feelings of self-worth and the ability to engage in self-care. You cant negotiate your sexual relationships if you dont feel like you have control of your body. You cant feel like you have control of your body if you feel as though youve lost your grip on the world.

Marketing Research International Marketing - 1084 Words

Mission of an international researcher is sorely wide and it is important to determine the most productive and influential tasks. Marketing research exercise involves systematic enquiry. Thus, it requires a careful planning of the orderly investigation process. â€Å"Global market segmentation is the process of identifying specific segments, whether they be country groups or individual customer groups, of potential customers with homogeneous attributes who are likely to exhibit similar behaviour† (Hassan Katsanis, 1991). In case of international marketing DODCAR is one of the main frameworks that is utilized for evaluating suitability of the market segmentation. International market researcher needs to consider the stages of market research†¦show more content†¦In terms of opportunities in China, it has the world’s 2nd largest economy. The population of Shanghai 23000 million people, which makes a market segmentation widen. Moreover, consumer-buying behavior in choosing products are highly influenced by western cultural perception. China’s top economic policymakers set domestic consumption as a main driver for the country’s economic growth. Business threat is cultural barrier, as Chinese people are used to drink tea, rather than coffee. 2.2 Objectives of research After defining and identifying the issue, the researcher must take a formal statement of research objectives. Such objectives may be stated in qualitative or quantitative terms and expressed as research questions, statement or hypothesis. Market segmentation pertains to the division of a set of consumers into persons with similar needs and wants. Market segmentation allows for a better allocation of a Starbucks finite resources. With growing diversity in the tastes of modern consumers, Starbucks is taking note of the benefit of servicing a multiplicity of new markets. It is necessary to create SMART objectives while segmenting Starbucks in international markets. The important objective of segmenting Starbucks in China is to increase sales for 30% in 2 years. The target city is Shanghai as the population of it is 23 million people and there are a lot of foreigners who are

The Elaborate Entrance Of Chad Deity - 1381 Words

The Elaborate Entrance of Chad Deity is a satirical play written by playwright Kristoffer Diaz. The play is centered on the absurd, yet implicit racism of the American people. In the play, professional wrestler Macedonia Guerra is constantly battling to promote himself in the world of wrestling. He eventually finds a way to become a famous wrestler, but it involves selling out his values and pretending to be an absurdly inaccurate and stereotypical Mexican character even though he is Puerto Rican, (see Appendix 1). Mace goes along with the ridiculous faà §ade he is playing for quite some time and even ventures to make their entrances and promotions even more elaborate. He is paired up with one of his friends, Vigneshwar Paduar, who is known†¦show more content†¦Then there are the in-between moments where the audience sees the characters in everyday life at their place of employment. The Office is also known to have a boss that comes off politically incorrect at times. Chad Deity emphasizes that to take it a step further. I think this is a necessary component of the play because it helps the audience to get the full effect of the show. Many people think that racism no longer exists or that it does, but they are not guilty of racism. However, studies have shown that implicit racism has become increasingly more prevalent in society, (see Appendix 2). By making the reactions to the incorrect stereotypes more exaggerated, Diaz is shining a light on the implicit racism of society. Mace and Vigneshwar are considered the bad characters in the eyes of the wrestling audience because they are of a different race. Mace’s boss, Eko, decides to capitalize on this and creates erroneous, unbelievable characters for them to play in the ring. For example, Mace’s character’s name is a combination of three of the most communistic political leaders. None of them have anything to do with Puerto Rico, which is where Mace is from, or Mexico, which is where his character is supposed to be from. Vigneshwar is an Indian American, who is told to play a Middle Eastern terrorist. He is not even given an actual name, only the Fundamentalist. He is told to wear a turban and is given a

Research Knowledge and Assessment Free Essays

string(35) " related to the research question\." This essay explores how these queries may be conceptualized, described, valuated, and explained through investigative methods. Philosophy of Research Quantitative scientific research relies on data taken from empirical methods based on observation and experience (Myers Hanson, 2002; Stanchion Stanchion, 2003). These systematic empirical methods can be used as inferential mathematical tools for evaluating a sample from a population. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Knowledge and Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consequently, the empirical calculations of phenomena in a sample may be applied to an entire population from which the sample was derived (Ho, 201 0, p. ). Research Terminologies Certain terms in research connote philosophical approaches to obtaining ND evaluating information. Through the scientific process, research studies begin by developing questions or hypotheses, then collecting data to help answer the questions or test the hypotheses. Research data are collected, analyzed, and interpreted to reach conclusions (Ladino, Spaulding, Vogel, 201 0, p. 12). However, qualitative and quantitative studies have similarities and dissimilarities in the scientific process due to the different cognitive approaches in research designs. Qualitative studies utilize inductive reasoning while quantitative studies apply deductive logic (p. 10). Figure 1 illustrates the specifics, similarities, and differences of these concepts in qualitative and quantitative research paradigms. The scientific method, illustrated in figure 2, acquires and assesses knowledge through observation and experience (Drew, Yardman, Hose, 2008). The philosophy Of Positivism utilizes aspects of the scientific method in social research. Positivist researchers believe that only what is observed can be evaluated in an objective manner. This means that only observable behavior can be measured without regard to motives, perspectives, or feelings (Social Research Methods, 2006). Conversely, post positivist philosophy does not believe that Objectivity is infallible because knowledge is developed through social constructs and this knowledge cannot be divorced from personal perceptions which determine the legitimacy of wisdom (Ryan, 2006, p. 16). The foregoing statements suggest that post-positivists believe deductions from observations may be relative and inexact (p. 20). This lends credence to subjectivity in research evaluations (Ratter, 2002). Objectivity in Objectivity can be described as a mental state in which personal biases, preferences, and perspectives of researchers do not contaminate the election and analysis of data (Sociology Guide, 2014). Objectivity is paramount in ensuring the veracity of a study. However, in social and educational studies, objectivity presupposes a type of reality (Ratter, 2002). If that reality is created by the researcher or observer, then it may be more subjective than objective (p. 3). These ideas exemplify the challenges faced by those in qualitative or mixed-methods studies who must judge the depth or the breadth and depth of research findings, respectively (Walden University, n. D. ). Though quantitative research may appear objective through the use of thematic calculations, subjectivity may occur in deciding what data are to be measured and the types of measuring instruments to be employed (Slashing, 2003). Philosophical Developments in Research Scientific realism is a quantitative approach to research in which numerical formulas are used to analyze data, and these data are used to symbolize constructs and variables (Ladino, Spaulding, Vogel, 2010). Positivists utilize the tenets of scientific realism because they feel that the social and psychological world can be evaluated mathematically in the same way that quantitative research explains phenomena in the natural world Social constructivism states that phenomena must be understood (P. 3). As complex wholes and researchers must understand reality through the perspectives of the participants in a study. Social constructivism advocates hypotheses that are created to achieve meaning through multiple realities formed by diverse human perceptions in a social world. Social constructivism is commonly employed in ethnographers and other types of social research. Advocacy and liberating frameworks also accept a multiplicity of realities derive d from social, economic, cultural, and political milieus. This philosophy involves research that advocates freedom from oppression and is a common framework for education research studies involving minorities or socially oppressed groups of people (Fire, 1970). Pragmatism is not focused on defining a real or socially constructed reality, but seeks practical answers to promulgate correct practices and programs (Ladino, Spaulding, Vogel, 201 0, p. 16). Pragmatists frequently use a mixed-methods approach to research for analyzing quantitative and qualitative data. Case studies utilize the methods of pragmatism (p. 60). Conceptual and Theoretical Frameworks A framework can be created through Concepts or theories (Ladino, Spaulding, Vogel, 2010, p. 13). A conceptual framework shows ideas or variables in a cogent and sequential manner, whereas a theoretical framework focuses on identifying the possible relationships among the ideas or concepts and develops theories for these relationships (Niagara, 2012). These theories provide a foundation for the beginnings of an investigation and help maintain a focus for the direction of a study. A conceptual framework can also be defined as a structure that describes the natural progression of a phenomenon through a theoretical framework that gives an explanation of how some constituents of the phenomenon may be related (Camp, 2001). In summary, a conceptual framework may elucidate concepts Of a study but it does not explain the relationships among the ideas or variables, whereas a theoretical framework can explain the associations among variables and how these associations relate to the research investigation (Science, n. D. ). Core Concepts of Research Design The research question is the basis for the research study and should include ethical guidelines (Ladino, Spaulding, Vogel, 201 0, p. 388). It identifies dependent and independent variables in causal-comparative search and it targets variables that are expected to be related in correlation studies (up. 388-389). In quantitative studies, the research question is clarified by the hypothesis which is a declarative statement or tentative position of the identified problem (Drew, Yardman, Hose, 2008, p. 78). Unlike quantitative investigations, the research questions in qualitative studies focus more on processes than on outcomes (p. 389). Once the research question has been refined to a specific idea, then the statement Of purpose for the study can be expressed in clear and concise terms (Ladino, Spaulding, Vogel, 2010, p. 89). The specificity of the research question and the distinct purpose of the study are derivatives of the literature review which ma inly focuses on primary, peer-reviewed articles related to the research question. You read "Research Knowledge and Assessment" in category "Free Research Paper Samples" Population and Sample Inferential statistics utilizes a subset from a population called a sample. Research results derived from the sample may be generalized to the population from which it was derived. However, in order for a study to produce accurate results and conclusions from a sample, it is important to differentiate between a theoretical population and an accessible population Social Research Methods, 2006). The theoretical population should possess well-defined characteristics related to the variables to be studied in the sample. An accessible population may be available for a study, but if its traits are not circumscribed within the sample it produces, the accuracy of the research is comport used (Expellable, 2009). Variables and Research If endings A variable is an object or entity that has different quantitative or qualitative values depending on the circumstance in a study (Ho, 2010, p. 127). In educational research, a variable can also be defined as a measurable hypothetical concept (construct) that has been developed from a theoretical framework (Ladino, Spaulding, Vogel, 2010, p. 3). When these variables are translated into data, the findings can be reported quantitatively, qualitatively, or quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative findings are numerical in nature and can be reported through Pearson-product moment correlations, multiple-regression analysis, t-test, chi-square, and other tests (p. 305). Qualitative findings may be reported through the use of triangulation techniques, coding, them es, and other procedures (up. 189-193). Assumptions, Limitations, and Delimitation’s Assumptions are constituents of a study which may not be under the control of the researcher, but their disappearance in a study would make it irrelevant (Simon, 2011). Limitations are uncontrollable, potential weaknesses in a study, whereas delimitation’s are controllable characteristics that limit the scope and define the boundaries of a study (p. 2). This is why these three factors must be considered when research is conducted. Validity and Reliability Validity describes the accuracy and appropriateness of measures while reliability refers to the consistency of the measurements (Ladino, Spaulding, Vogel, 2010). In quantitative research, validity can be defined in terms of a construct which determines the type of data to be collected and the way in which the information is to be gathered (Winner Braun, 1998). Validity in qualitative research was defined by Slashing (2003) as â€Å"quality, rigor and trustworthiness† (p. 02). The internal validity of a study can be affected by observations, selection of informants for maximum variability, selection Of participants, and improper or misguided conclusions, whereas external validity can be influenced by types of selection procedures, kinds of settings n which experiments are conducted, historical consequences from the lives of participants, and the variations in the meanings of constructs across time, environments, and populations (Michael, n. D. ). Reliability can be illustrated through consistent results after repeated evaluations show a continuous stability of measurements for a given period of time (Kirk Miller, 1986). Reliability has been defined by Cope (2000) as â€Å"The extent to which results are consistent over time and [accurately represent] the total population under study†¦ If the results of a study can be reproduced under a animal methodology, then the research instrument is [also] considered to be reliable. † (p. 1). However, Slashing (2003) cautions that a research instrument which measures consistently may not be measuring accurately. Hence, these inaccuracies of measurement make the research instrument invalid and controvert the internal consistency and reliability of the research. Internal reliability can be affected by inference descriptors, a researchers selections of data, and the interpretations of the data by the researcher (Bloom, n. D. ). External reliability can be influenced by situational contexts that effect the information retrieved from participants, data collection, analysis methodology, and constructs (Slashing, 2003). Other Approaches to Unlike research investigations, program evaluations are critiqued regarding their immediate impact on what was observed and studied (Ladino, Spaulding, Vogel, 2010). A program can be defined as a group of detailed activities with measurable objectives (p. 363). The purpose of evaluating a program is to make a decision on a course of action, whereas a research study provides information about a particular topic or practice. Program valuations use formative and summarize processes. These processes involve collecting information while the program occurs and measuring results at the end of the program to determine â€Å"†¦ Owe those outcomes related to the overall†¦ Program and its success. † (p. 366). Once these processes have been deduced, the findings can be used to improve education There are evaluation models that can be applied through practices. These formative and summarize approaches. All models of evaluation contribute to the development of the evaluation plan, capacity, data collection, data, analysis, and reporting procedures of the study. The most common model for program evaluation is the objective-based approach which assesses the overall purpose of the program and defines the type of information to be collected for evaluation. This approach also utilizes benchmarks or quantitative goals that participants are expected to obtain to ensure the success of the program. Among other program evaluation templates, the logic model measures progress at each phase of the curriculum while operating on the assumption that a rational sequence Of events must happen in order to produce the final results of the program (p. 373). These sequences of events begin with resources or inputs which create actions or activities that lead to changes in the participants (p. 374). These changes or outcomes verify the efficacy or inefficacy of the program. In other words, the logic approach is a picture of how the program works through the theories and assumptions underlying the program (W. K. Kellogg Foundation, 2004). The logic model is commonly used for program evaluations in health education because it can illustrate the infrastructure of a program model while integrating the activities of the clinical educators and patients (Centers or Diseases Control and Prevention, 1 999): A detailed logic model can†¦ Threaten claims of causality and be a basis for estimating the program’s effect on endpoints that are not directly measured but are linked in a causal chain supported by prior research†¦ Logic models can be created to display a program at different levels of detail, from different perspectives, or for different audiences. (p. 9). It is imperative in health education to identify causal relationships among variables of patient care and clini cal erudition paradigms. This is why the logic approach is such a good choice for evaluating these types of programs. Program evaluations possess benefits and shortcomings. One advantage of program evaluations is the immediate application of the information to a setting or environment for implementing improvements and other efficacious changes. Examples of disadvantages in program evaluations include the lack of available assets for improving program deficiencies identified through formative processes and the subjectivity of an internal evaluator who may have preconceived ideas about what the program outcomes should be. The focus of effective education is action (Spencer, n. . ). Action research in education has been scribed as research accomplished by teachers to provide insights for themselves (Mills, 201 1). It is also a way for teachers to work collaboratively with each other with education administrators, and with stakeholders to improve classroom instruction and the learning potential of students (C. A. R. Madison Metropolitan School District, 2010). The primary purpose of action research is t o change and improve educational environments and outcomes (Ladino, Spaulding, Vogel, 2010). The stages in conducting action research are sequential and cyclical (Classroom Action Research, 2012). These steps are illustrated in Figure 3. The diagram in the illustration implies important ideas regarding the structure of action research. This Structure should include ways to clearly define an issue, to challenge the assumptions and views of the researcher conducting the study, to develop a concise plan for data collection, to encourage collaboration between the researcher and peers, and to provide evidence for practice improvement (Ladino, Spaulding, Vogel, 2010). How to cite Research Knowledge and Assessment, Essays

Research Proposal on Oil and Gas Essay Example

Research Proposal on Oil and Gas Essay Oil and gas are the most important and valuable resources nowadays, because they play the key role providing people, plants and factories with energy. Then, nearly every automobile works with the help of gas, which is made from oil. No wonder, oil and gas are the most expensive resources which are concentrated in the hands of the richest people of the world, because it is difficult to imagine a more profitable business. Evidently, oil is important for the process of industrialization, because it is widely used in every industry. Oil is used for the production of petrol, chemicals, perfume, medicine, plastic and fertilizers that is why the value of the resource is very high and people will have to think much in order to create substances which can substitute oil in many spheres human life. Unfortunately, the supplies of oil and gas are nearly exhausted, so people will need to look for other sources of energy, like the energy of the wind, solar energy, etc. The key disadvantage of oil and gas is their negative impact on the natural environment. The results of the oil processing pollute and contaminate water, air and soil and as a result human and animal health. Moreover, there are often serious accidents during the transportation of oil across the oceans. Oil is introduced into the water and pollutes enormous territories of water killing fish, animals and birds. The global public and a range of international organizations protest against the usage of oil, because it causes greenhouse effect, the global warming and pollution. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Oil and Gas specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Oil and Gas specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Oil and Gas specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Naturally, the supply of oil and gas will be exhausted in the nearest 30 years, so the humanity will face the global energy crisis. So, in order to prepare to its effect we have to look for the alternative sources of energy, which will be ecologically safe, cheap and renewable. A successful oil and gas research proposal is supposed to be logical, interesting and informative. A student should research the topic himself and suggest some direct problems for the analysis. When one knows about the problem everything, he will be able to analyze the topic soberly and will be probably able to create effective solutions to the existing problems. The main purpose of a research proposal is its persuasive function. So, if a student wants to create a convincing paper which will attract the professor’s attention, he will need to read a good free example research proposal on oil and gas and see how a successful paper of this type looks like. The Internet has a wide choice of free sample research proposals on oil and gas and students are able to look them through improving their knowledge and academic paper writing skills. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Oil and Gas topics. Your research paper proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!